12/27/2023 0 Comments Doppler ultrasound pregnancy for nclex![]() ![]() In this group PPIH and/or IUGR was found in 58.3%, compared to 8.3% if Doppler results were normal. In the high-risk group a single pathological Doppler sign accounted for an additional three- to four-fold increased risk, and the combination of all three pathological signs, a seven-fold additional risk for later disease. ![]() Doppler proved to be more efficient at predicting a complicated pregnancy in those patients who were at high risk: a positive medical history alone was associated with a three-fold greater risk of developing PPIH and/or IUGR. The incidence of proteinuric pregnancy-induced hypertension (PPIH) and intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) were recorded as main outcome measures. Persistent notches in the main stem uterine arteries and elevated resistance indices of > 0.68 in the uterine arteries and > 0.38 in the uteroplacental arteries were defined as abnormal waveforms. Using duplex pulsed wave Doppler ultrasound, we recorded blood velocity waveforms from both main uterine arteries, the uteroplacental arteries in the region of placental implantation and the umbilical artery at 21-24 weeks of gestation. The transducer is placed over the appropriate vessel, waveforms are recorded, and respiratory modulations are noted.During a 20-month period we studied 175 pregnant women at high risk for hypertensive disorders of pregnancy or intrauterine growth retardation, and 172 patients at low risk, in a prospectively designed cross-sectional trial.For extracranial cerebrovascular evaluation, usual test sites are the supraorbital artery the common, external, and internal carotid a arteries the vertebral arteries and the brachial, axillary, subclavian, and jugular veins.For peripheral venous evaluation in the leg, the usual test sites are the popliteal, superficial and common femoral veins, and posterior tibial vein.Segmental limb blood pressures are obtained to localize arterial occlusive disease.The blood flow velocity is monitored and recorded over the test artery.The signals are monitored, and the waveforms are recorded for later analysis.Brachial blood pressure is measured, and the transducer is placed at various points along the test arteries. ![]() For peripheral arterial evaluation in the arm, the usual test sites are the subclavian, brachial, radial, and ulnar arteries.For peripheral arterial evaluation in the leg, the usual test sites are the common and superficial femoral, popliteal, posterior tibial, and dorsalis pedis arteries.The patient is assisted into the supine position on the examination table with his arms at his sides.Doppler ultrasonography is performed bilaterally.Check with the vascular laboratory about special equipment or instructions.Advise him that a small ultrasonic probe resembling a microphone is placed at various sites along veins or arteries, and blood pressure is checked at several sites.Inform the patient that he’ll be asked to move his arms to different positions and to perform breathing exercises as measurements are taken.Reassure the patient that the test doesn’t involve risk or discomfort.Tell him who will perform the test and when. Explain to the patient that Doppler ultrasonography is used to evaluate blood flow in the arms and legs or neck.To detect abnormalities of carotid artery blood flow associated with such conditions as aortic stenosis.To monitor the patient who has had arterial reconstruction and bypass grafts.To help diagnose peripheral artery disease and arterial occlusion.To help diagnose venous insufficiency and superficial and deep vein thrombosis (popliteal, femoral, and iliac).Pulse volume recorder testing may be performed along with Doppler ultrasonography to yield a quantitative recording of changes in blood volume or flow in extremity or organ. Measurement of systolic pressure helps detect the presence, location, and extent of peripheral arterial occlusive disease. The transducer then amplifies the sound waves to permit direct listening and graphic recording of blood flow. The sound wave strike moving red blood cells and are reflected back to the transducer at frequencies that corresponds to blood flow velocity through the vessel. A handheld transducer directs high- frequency sound waves to the artery or vein being tested. Doppler ultrasonography evaluates blood flow in the major blood vessels of the arms and legs and in the extracranial cerebrovascular system. ![]()
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